In the past, the Kyrgyz led a nomadic life just as the Kazakhs did. However, pastoral nomadism on a massive scale was brought to an end under Soviet rule. In 1920-1930s, both Kyrgyz and Kazakhs underwent a process of Sovietization based on sedentarization. By the 1990s, they were already used to a sedentary life, and at that time, the memories of t

Two and a half years later, on August 1, 2024, Orda.kz, in a piece entitled ‘Shock and a sense of unreality’: Kazakhstan’s budget situation horrified a famous economist’, quoted Almas Chukin, an economic expert, as saying: “All that talk about our critically unbalanced income and expenditure has become a frightening reality this year. Wit

Harbin’s metamorphosis into a winter sports hub is no accident. The city’s $2.3 billion overhaul—featuring AI-driven snowmaking systems, facial recognition-enabled arenas, and a 6G-powered athletes’ village—serves dual purposes. Domestically, it fuels nationalist pride, offering a glittering distraction from economic headwinds. Internatio

The opposition must confront its own historical burden and past mistakes. To move forward, it must break away from its criminal past, sever all ties with organised crime and corruption, and fully commit to Kosovo’s political, ethical, and social renewal. This is not just a matter of perception—it is a prerequisite for restoring credibility. The

The Kosovo Assembly has 120 parliamentary seats, with 20 reserved for minority communities. Of these, 10 are allocated to the Serbian community, three to the Bosniak community, two to the Turkish community, four to the Roma (RAE communities), and one to the Gorani community. The electoral threshold is set at 5%. The last chance for political-crimin